Youssef Refaat - Curios Nerd

It is the placenta definitely! The fetus inside his mother is nourished via a structure called the placenta. It is responsible for delivering blood, nutrients, and oxygen to him while taking away the toxic metabolites that the body no longer needs. How did vertebrates evolve to have a placenta?! Placentas probably first evolved about 150 million to 200 million years ago. In fact, without placenta, neither I nor you would have been there! no one ever would have been there! or maybe we would exist as species that still lay eggs! How did this crazy structure evolve? before going into the nerdy stuff, let me introduce to you some basic concepts related to the placenta and how it develops that would be useful for you for the rest of your life and for the purpose of understanding this article. The steps of the development of the placenta can be very complex. I will make it very simple, concise, and in a few words. We all know that the first step in making us was the fusion of daddy's spe...

  Each year, there are millions of deaths. Have you ever wondered what might be the #1 cause of death in the world and in the united states? It is heart disease. Was this the same cause of death hundreds of years ago? No. Then why the rate of heart disease has been abruptly increasing recently? What something people do that trigger this? Is this genetic? If it was completely genetic, then why it didn't happen years ago? There is another thing to keep in mind. It is the rate of diabetes mellitus type 2 and system hypertension has also been increasing so much so that we began to those disease in relatively young people! What is happening? Is there something in our world today that lead to the development of DM, HTN, and heart disease? Yes. Do they tend to occur together? Yes. Then what is the trigger? Let's see. It turns out that hypertension and DM tend to go together. Both diseases are found together in most patients. It seems that diabetes can trigger hypertension and the reve...

There is no doubt that this pandemic has completely changed every plan in our lives. We never expected that to happen. Even after we started to realize that the world in danger, we didn't feel the real danger until we found our beloved ones are affected by the pandemic (infected with COVID-19.) I never thought that I will be affected until I found my sister extremely ill from the virus. I didn't want to accept the fact.  No need to go to university to learn something (unless you are a nerdy guy who got into one of the ivy league schools) It has been around 4 months since I last visited my college. I have been studying from home all this period. I think my life became more productive. I found that the university was a waste of time. I can learn by myself or by online lectures and no need to go to the university and waste time. Not only that but also I found that even practical lessons we take are useless. We can live without Macdonalds Yea we survived this for months! We can li...

DISCLAI MER: THE POST MAY CONTAIN SOME SENSITIVE PHOTOS TO SOME PEOPL E Checking yourself for breast cancer  is one of the most important things any female should be aware of. Such disease if discovered early, it can be easily treatable. If ,unfortunately, discovered late, it can be deadly. That's why you should have enough knowledge about this area in your body.  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Additionally, breast cancer is the most deadly after lung cancer. So, how can you do this at home? I will spend more time in breast cancer as it is more common and more dangerous. First of all, if you should know what is your breast composed of. Simply, it is composed of some lobes, in each of these lobes there are lobules, within each lobule, there are some glands that produce milk. Also, these lobes are surrounded by fat and connective tissue to support the breast and giving it contour. The mass of the lobes increases during pregnancy and reproductive age, and regre...

That vaginas are the basis of human life. Not only because without a vagina you wouldn’t have been there, but also because without a vagina, something  else  wouldn’t have been there as well! Let me explain to you what is it. Did you that at some point in your life you had a vagina? yea vagina! For me, this is disturbing but still fascinating! Reproductive organs in human (whether as a male or female) during fetal life is the same. It is an incompletely differentiated vagina that is waiting a signal from your body to differentiate. If you are a male which means that you have XY chromosomes, genes on your Y chromosome will make this incompletely differentiated vagina turn into the male reproductive system. While if you are a female, this vagina will continue to differentiate more and more until it gives the final familiar shape. Take a look! Unfortunately, there are some unlucky males who have problems with the genes that are responsible for the differentiation of their genital...

Human mutations are some changes in the human genotype (DNA) that may be manifested as phenotypic changes. Some of these are beneficial. Some are lethal! Let' talk about some of the most interesting genetic mutations in human being! Stephen Crohn: The first man on earth to be resistant to HIV, also known as "The man who can't catch AIDS" Before telling the exact details of the mutation, and how Crohn became resistant to HIV. I want to tell you some very basic concepts of how HIV infects humans and ultimately causes death almost 10–15 years after exposure. HIV infects our white blood cells. Specifically, a type of white blood cell called Helper T-cell CD4. Firstly, the receptor on HIV called gp120 reacts to a receptor on the WBC called CD4 protein. After this interaction, the virus exposes another part of its GP120 molecule that interacts with another protein on the WBC called CCR5. CCR5 anchors the virus on the cell membrane and helps in the fusion of both membranes t...

Imagine you are in the hospital. A patient comes to you and you suspect this patient has COVID-19. What should you do? In this article, I am going to explain the diagnostic tools used to diagnose COVID-19 If you haven't read the article on the pathophysiology of COVID-19, please go check it from the link below as this will help you understand many details here. https://curiosnerd.blogspot.com/2020/04/updated-how-people-die-from-corona.html 1- Check vitals If the patient is:  hypotensive ---> it could be a septic shock (due to cytokines storm explained in the previous article) hypertensive ---> doesn't signify anything but it is not good because hypertensive patients are at high risk to develop serious complication due to the infection Look for tachycardia ---> sign of hypoxemia Look for respiratory rate ---> if more than 20 ---> again it could be due to hypoxia Check temperature ---> if high --> sign of inflammation --> probably due to CO...

UPDATE: I HAVE UPLOADED THE DIAGNOSTICS PART COVID-19 Diagnostics UPDATE: HOW OUR WORLD WILL BE IMPACTED AFTER THE PANDEMIC IS OVER ? https://curiosnerd.blogspot.com/2020/07/how-our-world-will-be-impacted-after.html?m=1 I am very glad that you decided to watch the second part of the mechanism of death in people who get infected with the coronavirus. In the previous article, I mentioned some mechanisms. However, we now know more about this virus and its other mechanisms with additional details that are available now. Check the first article from here:  https://curiosnerd.blogspot.com/2020/03/how-people-die-from-corona-virus.html 1- Well, as we know the coronavirus is transmitted by air droplets. Let's say someone sneezes in front of you and you inhale the viral particles that came out from his mouth. The viral will travel directly to your respiratory system infecting the lining epithelial cells of your bronchi, bronchiole, and, most important, alveoli. It enters the cells thro...